In my opinion, you have realized the hardest part of poker - how do we accurately put our opponents on a proper range? For me, the answer is "observation". That's how we do it. We must observe our opponents play closely, and at every opportunity we get to see their cards at showdown, this is another clue to help us determine their probable range... but as you can probably already realize, this process can take months if not years, and for a tournament player like me, we rarely see the same players over and over again, meaning we might never be able to understand opponent's ranges.
Of course, the HUD and hand history database is critical here... but I don't even run one of those. I am therefore at a HUGE disadvantage in terms of that critical "observation" technique, because I have to do all the remembering in my head, and that's almost impossible if you only see the player at your table once per month or year.
The final method, and the one I use for simplicity, is to just use a "typical range" and ignore the fact that each player is going to have a different range. I often will use my own ranges for my opponent since I feel I am an average, competent player, I'm not a maniac and not TOO much of a nit (lol). And then I observe at the tables and very rarely I will make a range adjustment in my head if I do encounter an obvious maniac or obvious nit/rock. But since I don't run any analysis software while I play, including the all-important HUD, I am basically just flying by the seat of my pants. The equity calculator stuff and hand reviews are obviously done much later, and I really don't do as much of that as I probably should.
That's my take on it, you've raised a very good question and I will enjoy reading other players' answers.